November is recognised as Lung Cancer Awareness Month, a crucial time for raising awareness about this serious illness. By increasing understanding of the symptoms, screening, diagnosis, and the vital role of patient advocates, we can empower individuals to take charge of their lung health.
What is lung cancer?1,2
Lung cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the lungs grow uncontrollably. There are two main types:
- Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): This is the most common type, accounting for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases.
- Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This type is less common but tends to spread more quickly.
Key symptoms and signs
Awareness of lung cancer symptoms is essential for early detection. Some common signs to watch for include:
|
Persistent cough that does not go away or worsens over time
|
|
Chest pain that may worsen with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing
|
|
Unexplained weight loss
|
|
Shortness of breath or wheezing
|
|
Coughing up blood or rust-coloured sputum (phlegm)
|
|
Fatigue or weakness
|
|
Frequent respiratory infections
|
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional promptly.
Screening and diagnosis
Who should consider speaking to their healthcare provider about screening?
The following are high-risk factors:
- Adults aged 55 to 74 with a significant smoking history (30 pack-years or more)
- Those who have quit smoking within the last 15 years
- Individuals work in hazardous environments or who have been exposed to hazardous materials (e.g., asbestos)
- Family history of lung cancer
Screening methods
The most common screening method for lung cancer is a low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan. During an LDCT scan, you lie on a table and an x-ray machine uses a low dose (amount) of radiation to make detailed images of your lungs. The scan only takes a few minutes and is not painful. This advanced imaging technique can detect lung cancer at an earlier stage than traditional X-rays, significantly improving the chances of successful treatment.
Diagnosis process
If lung cancer is suspected, several diagnostic tests may be performed, including:
|
Imaging tests
CT scans, PET scans, or MRIs to examine the lungs and surrounding areas.
|
|
Biopsy
A sample of lung tissue may be taken to confirm the presence of cancer cells. This can be done via bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
|
|
Molecular testing
Understanding the genetic makeup of the cancer can guide treatment decisions.
|
The importance of patient advocates
Patient advocates play an essential role in the lung cancer journey. These individuals help bridge the gap between patients and healthcare providers, ensuring that patients receive comprehensive care and support. They can assist in:
- Navigating the healthcare system
- Understanding treatment options
- Accessing resources and support networks
- Advocating for clinical trials and new treatment options
Their support can make a significant difference in a patient’s experience, providing not only information but also emotional encouragement during a challenging time.
Taking action: Preventive healthcare behaviours
Lung cancer is a serious disease, but there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and promote lung health:
|
Avoid smoking or vaping
- Seek support: Look for local cessation programs or helplines that can provide guidance. For example, QuitLine (1800 438 2000) or https://www.healthhub.sg/programmes/iquit
- Nicotine replacement: Consider using patches, gum, or lozenges. Consult a healthcare provider for personalised recommendations.
- Set a quit date: Choose a specific date within the next two weeks to quit, and prepare for it by identifying triggers and strategies to cope.
|
|
Reduce exposure to second-hand smoke
- Avoid smoky environments: Stay away from bars, homes, or public spaces where smoking is allowed.
- Encourage smoking cessation: Talk to loved ones about quitting and offer support. Share resources like quit lines or local support groups.
- Create a smoke-free home: If you live with a smoker, set a rule that the home is smoke-free and suggest smoking outside.
|
|
Be aware of occupational hazards
- Know your risks: Research your workplace for potential carcinogens. Common industries include construction, manufacturing, and shipbuilding.
- Follow safety protocols: Always wear protective gear such as masks or respirators when necessary.
- Request training: Advocate for workplace safety training that focuses on hazard recognition and mitigation.
|
|
Maintain a healthy lifestyle
- Balanced diet: Aim for at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. 1 cup of fruits, 1 cup of non-leafy vegetables, or 2 cups of raw leafy greens are considered 1 serving each. Focus on dark leafy greens, berries, and cruciferous vegetables (like broccoli).
- Regular exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week (e.g., brisk walking, cycling). Incorporate strength training at least twice a week.
- Weight management: Track your weight and aim for a Body Mass Index (BMI) within the healthy range (18.5-24.9). Consult a dietitian if needed.
|
|
Regular check-ups
- Schedule annual check-ups: Make an appointment with your healthcare provider for a yearly physical.
- Discuss screening options: If you have a history of smoking or other risk factors, ask about low-dose CT scans for lung cancer screening starting at age 50 or younger if you have a significant smoking history.
- Stay informed: Keep abreast of new guidelines and recommendations for lung cancer screenings from reputable sources like the American Lung Association.
|
Conclusion
As we observe Lung Cancer Awareness Month, it is essential to raise awareness about the symptoms, screening, and diagnosis of lung cancer. By understanding the importance of preventive healthcare behaviours and the invaluable role of patient advocates, we can empower ourselves and others to take charge of lung health. Early detection can save lives, and by fostering an informed community, we can contribute to reducing the incidence of lung cancer.
DID YOU KNOW?
Lung cancer in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region presents unique challenges, particularly due to its high prevalence among never-smokers, especially women.
In some APAC health systems, up to 50% of lung cancer cases occur in individuals who have never smoked, compared to just 10–15% in Western nations.3 Among these cases, women disproportionately bear the burden, representing approximately two-thirds of cases and being twice as likely as their male counterparts to develop lung cancer.4
Efforts to combat LCINS in the APAC region are gaining momentum, driven by collaborative strategies involving healthcare professionals, governments, and advocacy groups.
- Taiwan stands out as a benchmark, showcasing how strong political commitment can create impactful solutions. Its centralised lung cancer screening program is a pioneering initiative, incorporating family history into risk assessments to target not only smokers but also never-smokers with genetic predispositions.5
- In India, Lung Connect India, a patient advocacy group, has been instrumental in driving equitable access to lung cancer screening. By influencing policy changes and raising awareness, especially among women—who are often overlooked in traditional care frameworks—India is demonstrating that impactful strides are possible even in low- and middle-income countries.6
Judy Li
Consortium Manager
ASPIRE
References
- NHS. Lung cancer. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/.
- Lung cancer statistics. Cancer Research UK. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer.
- A practical and adaptive approach to lung cancer screening: A review of international evidence and position on CT lung cancer screening in the Singaporean population by the College of Radiologists Singapore - PubMed. Accessed November 22, 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31781779/.
- Lung cancer in patients who have never smoked — an emerging disease - PMC. Accessed November 22, 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11014425/.
- Welfare NHIAM of H and. Ten-Billion New Cancer Drug Fund Planning Approved on July 11! The NHIA: Five Cancer Screening Services Shall be Extended Next Year. National Health Insurance Administration Ministry of Health and Welfare. August 5, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024. https://www.nhi.gov.tw/en/cp-15390-9a81f-8-2.html.
- Home - Lung Connect : Empowering Lung Cancer Patients for Better Outcomes. Lung Connect. Accessed November 22, 2024. https://lungconnectindia.org/.
Copied
9 mins read 
