Dementia is a growing concern worldwide, affecting millions of individuals, their families and caregivers. Early detection is crucial for managing the condition and improving quality of life. One simple yet effective tool for early dementia screening is the clock-drawing test. This article will guide you through the clock test, how to perform it at home, and what steps to take if the results are abnormal.

Understanding the clock test^1,2

The clock-drawing test is a quick and easy way to assess cognitive function. It involves drawing a clock face with numbers and setting the hands to a specific time. This test evaluates several cognitive abilities, including memory, spatial awareness, and executive function.

How to perform the clock test³
You can perform the clock test at home with minimal materials. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

• Gather materials: You will need a blank sheet of paper and a pen or pencil.
• Provide instructions: Ask the person to draw a large circle to represent the clock face.
• Add numbers: Instruct them to fill in the numbers 1 to 12 in their correct positions around the circle.
• Set the time: Ask them to draw the clock hands to show a specific time, such as 11:10.

Scoring the clock test
Scoring the clock test can be subjective, but there are general guidelines to follow:

• Clock face: The circle should be reasonably round and closed.
• Numbers: All numbers should be present, correctly ordered, and evenly spaced.
• Hands: The clock hands should be correctly positioned to indicate the specified time.

Interpreting the results

A normal clock drawing typically indicates intact cognitive function. However, if the drawing is significantly distorted, with missing or misplaced numbers, or incorrect hand placement, it may suggest cognitive impairment.

What to do if the results are abnormal
If the clock test results are abnormal, it is important not to panic. An abnormal result does not necessarily mean the person has dementia. Several factors, including anxiety, depression, or other medical conditions, can affect cognitive performance. Here are the steps to take if you encounter an abnormal result:

• Consult a healthcare professional: Schedule an appointment with a doctor or a neurologist. They can perform a comprehensive evaluation, including more detailed cognitive tests and medical history review.
• Further testing: The healthcare professional may recommend additional tests, such as blood tests, brain imaging, or neuropsychological assessments, to determine the cause of cognitive impairment.
• Early intervention: If dementia is diagnosed, early intervention can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment options may include medications, cognitive therapies, and lifestyle changes.
• Support and resources: Seek support from local dementia organisations and support groups. They can provide valuable resources and guidance for managing the condition.

Importance of early detection
Early detection of dementia is crucial for several reasons:

• Treatment: Early intervention can slow the progression of symptoms and improve quality of life.
• Planning: It allows individuals and their families to plan for the future, including legal, financial, and care arrangements.
• Support: Early diagnosis provides access to support services and resources that can help manage the condition.

References

1. What is the Alzheimer’s Clock-Drawing Test? Dementia Care Central. Available at: https://www.dementiacarecentral.com/alzheimers-clock-test/.
2. The Clock-Drawing Test. Psychiatric Times. Available at: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/the-clock-drawing-test.
3. Eknoyan D, Hurley RA, Taber KH. The clock drawing task: common errors and functional neuroanatomy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(3):260-265.